django 学习笔记（五）

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发布时间：2019-06-21

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五、Writing your first Django app, part 5

自动测试的好处

节省开发时间

避免错误

让别人能够接受你的代码，否则无法确认质量

帮助小组协同开发

第一个测试的例子

在前面的 polls 中有个小 bug ： Poll.was_published_recently() 在Poll的发布时间在未来的时候也返回 True

通过 admin页面可以很容易的验证，通过 Shell 也能够检测出这个bug。 python manage.py shell

>>> import datetime>>> from django.utils import timezone>>> from polls.models import Poll>>> # create a Poll instance with pub_date 30 days in the future>>> future_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))>>> # was it published recently?>>> future_poll.was_published_recently()True

1.写一个测试来暴露出这个bug

通常项目在建立的时候会自动建立一个模拟的tests.py文件，全部删除后改成这样。

import datetimefrom django.utils import timezonefrom django.test import TestCasefrom polls.models import Pollclass PollMethodTests(TestCase):    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_poll(self):        """        was_published_recently() should return False for polls whose        pub_date is in the future        """        future_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))        self.assertEqual(future_poll.was_published_recently(), False)

建立一个 django.test.TestCase 的子类 PollMethodTests , 在其中建立了一个测试方法 test_was_published_recently_with_future_poll() ，使用 assertEqual() 来验证。

2.运行测试

python manage.py test polls

测试的执行流程

在polls内寻找tests.py

寻找django.test.TestCase的子类

建立用于测试的数据库

寻找以 test开头的方法

建立实例

使用 assertEqual() 检测结果

3.修复 bug

polls/models.py

def was_published_recently(self):    now = timezone.now()    return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <  now

再次运行测试，通过

更复杂一点的测试

1天之内返回 True

超过1天返回 False

def test_was_published_recently_with_old_poll(self):     """     was_published_recently() should return False for polls whose pub_date     is older than 1 day     """     old_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=30))     self.assertEqual(old_poll.was_published_recently(), False) def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_poll(self):     """     was_published_recently() should return True for polls whose pub_date     is within the last day     """     recent_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=1))     self.assertEqual(recent_poll.was_published_recently(), True)

测试一个视图

通过工具来模拟web的行为

1.测试工具 client

建立测试环境

>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment >>> setup_test_environment()

导入测试类

>>> from django.test.client import Client >>> client = Client()

系列测试

访问 / 返回404

>>> response = client.get('/')     >>> response.status_code

使用reverse方法访问视图

>>> from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse     >>> response = client.get(reverse('polls:index'))     >>> response.status_code     >>> response.content

访问 /polls/

>>> from polls.models import Poll     建立一个新Poll         >>> from django.utils import timezone         >>> p = Poll(question="Who is your favorite Beatle?", pub_date=timezone.now())         >>> p.save()     >>> response = client.get('/polls/')     >>> response.content     >>> response.context['latest_poll_list']

2.改进视图

不显示未来发表的Poll，修改 view.py 中的get_queryset() 方法.

from django.utils import timezone...def get_queryset(self):    """    Return the last five published polls (not including those set to be    published in the future).    """    return Poll.objects.filter(        pub_date__lte=timezone.now()    ).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

通过使用 __lte的方式来筛选记录

3.测试改进后的新视图

可以使用浏览器测试，也可以通过增加 tests.py的方式测试。

from django.core.urlresolvers import reversedef create_poll(question, days):    """    Creates a poll with the given `question` published the given number of    `days` offset to now (negative for polls published in the past,    positive for polls that have yet to be published).    """    return Poll.objects.create(question=question,        pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days))class PollViewTests(TestCase):    def test_index_view_with_no_polls(self):        """        If no polls exist, an appropriate message should be displayed.        """        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_poll_list'], [])    def test_index_view_with_a_past_poll(self):        """        Polls with a pub_date in the past should be displayed on the index page.        """        create_poll(question="Past poll.", days=-30)        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context['latest_poll_list'],            ['
    
     ']        )    def test_index_view_with_a_future_poll(self):        """        Polls with a pub_date in the future should not be displayed on the        index page.        """        create_poll(question="Future poll.", days=30)        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.", status_code=200)        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_poll_list'], [])    def test_index_view_with_future_poll_and_past_poll(self):        """        Even if both past and future polls exist, only past polls should be        displayed.        """        create_poll(question="Past poll.", days=-30)        create_poll(question="Future poll.", days=30)        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context['latest_poll_list'],            ['
     
      ']        )    def test_index_view_with_two_past_polls(self):        """        The polls index page may display multiple polls.        """        create_poll(question="Past poll 1.", days=-30)        create_poll(question="Past poll 2.", days=-5)        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context['latest_poll_list'],             ['
      
       ', '
       
        ']        )

create_poll 用于构造数据

空Poll情况
```
test_index_view_with_no_polls
```

正常显示过去的Poll
```
test_index_view_with_a_past_poll
```

未来的不显示
```
test_index_view_with_a_future_poll
```

过去未来同时存在，只显示过去

test_index_view_with_future_poll_and_past_poll

显示多个polls
```
test_index_view_with_two_past_polls
```

4.测试 DetailView

防止猜测来直接访问未来的poll

修改 DetailView方法

class DetailView(generic.DetailView):    ...    def get_queryset(self):        """        Excludes any polls that aren't published yet.        """        return Poll.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())        Poll.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())

增加测试

访问未来的poll test_detail_view_with_a_future_poll

访问过去的poll test_detail_view_with_a_past_poll

class PollIndexDetailTests(TestCase):     def test_detail_view_with_a_future_poll(self):         """         The detail view of a poll with a pub_date in the future should         return a 404 not found.         """         future_poll = create_poll(question='Future poll.', days=5)         response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_poll.id,)))         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)     def test_detail_view_with_a_past_poll(self):         """         The detail view of a poll with a pub_date in the past should display         the poll's question.         """         past_poll = create_poll(question='Past Poll.', days=-5)         response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_poll.id,)))         self.assertContains(response, past_poll.question, status_code=200)

如果设置 handler404, 状态返回始终是 200, 测试未来的始终报错